FILL IN THE BLANK {EXCRETORY PRODUCTS & THEIR ELIMINATION} NCERT BASED

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION

QUESTIONS

1. Common forms of nitrogenous waste of organism are________

2. Most toxic nitrogenous waste material is__________

3. Least toxic nitrogenous waste material is___________

4. Removal of ammonia from body is called______

5.Length of kidney in human being is__________

6. Average weight of human kidney in human beings is_________

7. The notch on the centre of inner concave surface of kidney is________

8. Funnel shaped space in kidney is called_________

9.Projections of renal pelvis called________

10.Outer zone of kidney is known as_________

11.Inner zone of kidney is known as_________

12.Name the conical masses of medulla_______

13.Number of nephron in each kidney is________

14. Name the branch of artery which take away blood from glomerulu______

15. The structure which encloses glomerulus is_______

16. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together form__________

17. Hair pin shaped structure in nephron is called_________

18. DCT of nephron opens in___________

19.Loop of Henle is too short and remain very little into medulla. This nephron is___________

20.Loop of Henle come deep into medulla in_________

21. Projection of cortex into medulla is called__________

22. U-shaped vessels running parallel to Henle's loop called_____________

23. Vasa recta is absent in_________

24. Epithelial cells of Bowmann's capsule____________

25. GFR is regulated by______

26. Approximate value of GFR________

27. A special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in DCT and afferent arteriole at the location of their contact is called____________

28. Reabsorption occurs in________

29. PCT is lined by.......... epithelium

30. How much electrolytes are absorbed by PCT of nephron?_________

31. Flow of blood in opposite direction in limbs of henle's loop and vasa recta forms_______

32. Counter current mechanism is useful for__________

33. pH of urine is______

34. On an average how much urea is excreted out per day?__________

35. Presence of glucose in urine is called__________

36. Presence of ketone bodies in urine is called___________

37. Ketonuria & glycosuria is an indicative of_________

38. Our lungs remove large amounts of CO2...........

39. Primary function of sweat is__________

40. Accumulation of urea in blood is called__________

41. Stones or insoluble mass of crystallised salts formed within the kidney is called________

42. Inflamation of glomeruli of kidney is called___________

43. In kidney failure condition urea can be removed by________ process.

44. Ammonia is converted into urea in_________  and filtered from blood and excreted out by_________

45. Kidney is situated between level of last_____  and third________vertebra

46. Projection of cortex between medullary pyranids is called_________

47. __________is a tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole which is a fine branch of________

48. Efferent arteriole emerging from glomerulus forms fine capillary network around renal tubule known as__________ capillaries.

49._______ . _______and______ are three processes involved in urine formation_____

50. Epithelial calls of bowman,s  capsule called__________are arranged in an______________  manner

51.A fall in GFR can activate the juxta glomerular cells to release_________

52. Glucose, amino acids and Nat are reabsorbed_________

53. Tubular cells secrete _________and________

54. Tubular secretion helps in maintenance of :________and______ balance of the body.__

55. PCT helps in secretion of_______

56. Descending limb of loop of henle is __________and ascending limb is_______ to water

57. Kidney function is regulated by feedback mechanism involving the ______and______

58. Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by change in blood

volume, body fluid volume and____ A ___An excessive

___B___ of fluid from the body can activate these receptors C to release

which stimulate

____D___ from the___E___

59. ANF causes________

60. Fall in GFR activate JG cells to release renin which converts

angiotensinogen into______________

Angiotensinogen-Il is a powerfull__________

Causes increase in glomerular blood pressure.______

Causes increase in_______

61. Angiotensinogen-Il also stimulates adrenal cortex to release______

62. (i) Signals from CNS started by stretching of the______  as it gets filled with urine.______

(ii) Stretch receptors send signals to__________

(iii) CNS gives message to motor nerves to initiate contraction in________ and simultaneous  release of urine._______ causing relaxation of the

63.________._______and__________ . are the major forms of nitrogenous waste excreted by the animls

64. ___________ form of nitrogenous wastes is the most toxic form and requires large amount of watr for its elimination whereas___________ . is the least toxic forms and can be removed with minimum losss of water.

65. The process of excreting ammonia is__________ and animals excreting ammonia are

called _______

66. The animals excreting urea are called_______  and those that excrete uric acid are called________

67.__________ are excretory structure in platyhelminthes._______

68.______________are the tubular excretory stucture of earthworm and other annelids.______

69. ____________ are the excretory structures of most of the insects.

70.___________are also called green glands perform excretory function in crustaceans like prawns.___

71. Kidneys are ________   colour, bean shaped organs situated between the levels of __________ thoracic and__________ lumbar vertebra close to the __________inneer wall of the abdominal cavity.

72. Towards the centre of the inner concave surface of the kidney is a notch called_________ through which ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter._______

74.. Inner to the hilum is a broad funnel shaped space called the __________with projections called ______

75. Inside the kidney there are two zones, an outer_________ and an inner_________

76. The medulla of kidney is divided into a few conical masses called__________ . projecting into calyx____

77. The cortex of kidney extends in between the medullary pyramids as renal columns called__________

78. The functional unit of kidney is _________ It has two parts_________ and_______

79. Glomerulus along with Bowman's capsule is called__________ or_______

80. In__________ nephron, loop of Henle is short and extends only very little into the medulla._____

81. In _________nephron, loop of Henle is long and runs deep into the medulla.________

82. The efferent arteriole emerging from the glomerulus forms a fine capillary network around the renal tubule called the___________

83. A minute vessel of peritubular capillaries that runs parallel to Henle's loop forms 'U' shaped________

84. Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in____________ nephrons.

85. The first step of urine formation is____________

86. On an average_____________  ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute which.

constitute roughly___________ of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of heart per minute______

87. The epithelial cell of Bowman's capsule called__________are arranged in an intricate

manner so as to leave some minute spaces called_______________

88. Glomerular filtration is considered as process of _____________as almost all the constituents 

of plasm except protein pass onto lumen of Bowman's capsule.____

89. The amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute is called_________ In a healthy

individual it is approximately___________ ml/minute, i.e..___________ litres/day:  90. ____________in GFR can activate the JG cells to releae ___________

which can stimulate the glomerular._______

91. The volume of filtrate formed per day is 180L and amount of urine released per day is ____________ L. suggesting that nearly ___________ % of filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules by the process of____________

92. During urine formation, tubular cell secrete______._________and______ into the filtrate.

93. Tubular secretion is the important step in urine formation as it helps in teh maintenance of_________ and________ balance of body fluiids.___

94. PCT is lined by simple__________ . epithelium which increases the surface area for reabsorption____

95. Nearly __________% of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed in PCT.____

96. The descending loop of Henle is permeable to__________ and almost impermeable to_________

97. Conditional reabsorption of _______and water occur in__________ segment___

98. The flow of filtrate in two limbs of Henle and flow of blood in two limbs of_______. forms pattern of flow____

99. The osmolarity in cortex is about _________mOsmoll  and in inner medulla is about_________mOsmoll_

100. In counter current mechanism, NaCl is transported by the___________ limb of Henle's loop

which is exchanged with________limb of vasa recta.___

101. Small amount of urea enter the thin segment of__________ 

limb of Henle's loop which is____

transported back to interstitium by the___________ in counter current mechanism.

102. Human kidneys can produce urine nearly____________ . times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.____

103. An excessive loss of fluid form the body can activate these receptors which stimulate

the hypothealamus to release___________

104. Renin converts_________ in blood to__________ and further to____________

105. Angiotensis II activates the adrenal cortex to release._______

106. Aidosterone causes reabsorption of Na and water from the__________

parts of the tubule.____

107.An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of___________ 

108.__________mechanism acts as a check on the rennin-angiotensin mechanism._______

109. The signal for micturition is initiated by the stretching of urinary bladder as it gets filled with urine. In response, the __________on the walls of bladder sends signals to the___________

110.. The neural mechanisms causing micturition is called___________

111. On an average,_________ gm of urea is excereted out per day.

112. Presence of_________ and________ in urine is indicative of diabetes mellitus____

113. Sweat produced by sweat glands is a watery fluid containing NaCl., small amount of mainly_________ and________

114. Sebaceous glands eliminate certain substance like________._______ and________ through sebum____

115. The condition in which there is accumulation of urea in blood is called__________ and may lead to kidney failure. In such patients ureas can be removed by a process called________

116. The dialyzing fluid used in hemodialysis has the same composition as that of plasma except the__________

117.___________ condition in which a stone or insoluble mass of crystallized saits formed within the kidney._____

118. __________is inflammation of glomeruli of kidney._____

119. Common forms of nitrogenous waste of organism are._____

120. Most toxic nitrogenous waste material is_____

121.Least toxic nitrogenous waste material is_____

122. Removal of ammonia from body is called._______

123. Length of kidney in human being is______

124.. Average weight of human kidney in human beings to____

125.The notch on the centre of inner concave surface of kidney is_____. 126.Funnel shaped space in kidney is called___

127. Projections of renal pelvis called_____

128. Outer zone of kidney is known as____

129.. Inner zone of kidney is known as____

130. Name of the conical masses of medulla____

131. Number of nephron in each kidney is____

132. Name the branch of artery which take away blood from glomerulus____

133. The structure which encloses glomerulus is____

134. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together form.___

135. Hair pin shaped structure in nephron is called._____

136. DCT of nephron opens in_____

137. Loop of Henle is too short and remain very little_____

138.. Loop of Henel come deep into medulla in_____

139.. Projection of cortex into medulla is called___

140.. U shaped vessels running parallel to Henle's loop called____

141. Vasa recta is absent in___

142.. Epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule___

143. GFR is regulated by__

144. Approximate value of GFR____

145. A special sensitive region formed by callular modifications in DCT and afferent arteriole tat the location of their contact is called.____

146. Reabsorption occurs in____

147. PCT is lined by:________ epithelium

148. How much electrolytes are absorbed by PCT of nephron?______

149. Flow of blood in opposite direction in limbs of henle's loop and vasa recta forms.___

150.. Counter current mechanism is useful for___

151.  pH of urine is___

152. On an average how much urea is excreted out per day?_____

153. Present of glucose in urine is called._____

154. Presence of ketone bodies in urine is called____

155. Ketonuria & glycosuria is an indicative of______

156. Our lungs remove large amounts of CO_____

157.Primary function of sweat is___

158. Accumulation of urea in blood is called___

159. Stones or insolube mass of crystallised salts formed within the kidney is called.___

160. Inflamation of glomeruli of kidney is called.___

161. In kidney failure condition urea can be removed by _____process.___

162 Ammonia is converted into urea in______ in filtered from blood and excreted out by___

163. Kidney is situated between level of last _____and third_____ vertebra__

164. Projection of cortex between medullary pyramids is called_____

165._________ is a tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole which is a fine branch of_____

166. Efferent arteriole emerging from glomerulus forms fine capillary network around renal tubule known _________as capillaries.__

167. _________and_____ are three processes involved in urine formation.____

168. Epithelial cells of bowman's capsule called________ are arranged in an________ manner__

169. A fall in GFR can activate the juxta glomerular cells to release.____

170.Glucose, amino acids and Na are reabsorbed________

171. Tubular cells secrete________and______

172. Tubular secretion helps in maintenance of and balance of the body___

173. PCT helps in secretion of________

174. Descending limb of loop of henle is_______ and ascending limb is_______ to water.___

175. Kidney function is regulated by feedback mechanism involving the ________and______

176. Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by change in blood volume, body fluid volume and A An excessive B of fluid form the body can activate these receptors which

stimulate C to release D from the E_____

ANSWERS

1.Ammonia, urea, uric acids

2. Ammonia.

3. Uric acid.

4. Ammonotelism.

5. 10-12 cm

6. 120 to 170 gm

7. Hilum

8. Renal pelvis

9. Calpelvis

10. Cortex

11. Medulla

12. Medullary pyramids

13. 1 Million

14. Efferent arterioles

15. Bowman's Capsule

16. Malpighian body

17. Henle's loop

18. Collecting duct

19. Cortical nephron

20. Juxta medullary nephron

21. Columns of Bertini

22. Vasa recta

23. Cortical nephron

24. Podocytes

25. Juxta glomerular apparatus

26.180 litre/day

27. Juxta glomeular apparatus

28. Tubular epithelial cells

29. Simple cuboidal brush border

30. 70 to 80%

31. Counter current mechanism

32. Maintaining concentration gradient

. in medullary interstitium

33. 6

34. 25-30 gm

35. Glycosuria

36. Ketonuria

37. Diabetes mellitus

38. approximately 200 ml/minute

39. Cooling of the body

40. Uremia

41. Renal calculi

42. Glomerulonephritis

43. Hemodialysis

44. Liver, Kidney

45. Thoracic, lumbar

46. Column of bertini

47. Glomerulus, renal artery

48. Peritubular

49. Glomerular filtration, reabsorption.

secretion

50. Podocytes

Intricate

51. Renin

52. Actively

53. H, K

54. lonic, acid-base

55. H, K and NH3

56. Permeable, impermeable

57. Hypothalamus, juxta glomerulus

apparatus

58. A-ionic concetration, B-loss,

C-hypothalamus, D-ADH.

E-neurohypophysis

59. Vasodilation

60. Angiotensin-I

Vasoconstrictor

GFR

61. Aldosterone

62. Urinary bladder

CNS

Smooth muscles of bladder, urethral sphincter

ANSWER

63. Ammonia; urea; uric acid

64. Ammonia uric acid

65. Ammonotelism: ammonotelic

66. Ureotelic uricotelic

67. Flame cell

68. Nephridia

69. Malpighian tubules

70. Antennal

71. Reddish brown; last; third dorsal

72. Hilum

73. Renal pelvis, calyces

74. Cortex: mediulla

75. Medullary pyramids

76. Columns of Bertini

77. Nephron glomerulus: renal tubule

78. Malpighian body; renal corpuscle

79. cortical

80. Juxta medullary

81. Peritubular capillaries

82. Vasa recta

83. Cortical

84. Glomerular filtration

85. 1100-1200: 1/5

86. Podocytes; filtration sits/ silts pore

87. Ultra filtration

88. Glomerular filtration rate; 125; 180

89. Decreasse; rennin

99. 1.5; 99; reabsorption

100. H K ammonia

101. pH ionic

102. cuboidal brush border

103. 70-80

104. Water, electrolytes

105. Na; DCT

106. IVasa recta; counter current

107. 300 1200

108. Ascending, descending

109. Ascending collecting tubule

110. 4

111. ADH/Vasopressin

112. Angiotensinogen; angiotensin I; angiotensin II

113. Aldosterone

114. Distal

115. ANF

116. ANF

117. Stretch receptor: CNS

118. Micturition reflex

119. 25-30

120. Glucose ketone bodies

121. Urea lactic acid

122. Sterol, hydrocarbon; waxes

123. Uremia hemodialysis

124. Nitrogeneous waste

125. Renal calculi glomerulonephritis

126.

127. ammonia, urea, uric acids.

128. Amonia.

129. Uric acid.

130. Ammonotelism.

131. 10-12 cm

132. 120 to 170 gm.

133. Hilum

134. Renal pelvis

135. Calyces

136. Cortex

137. Medulla

138. Medullary pyramids

139. 1 Million

140. Efferent arterioles

141. Bowman's Capsule

142. Malpighian body

143. Henle's loop

144. Collecting duct

145. Cortical nephron

146. Juxta medullary nephron

147. Columns of Bertini

148. Vasa recta

149. Cortical nephron

150. Podocytes

151. Juxta glomerular apparatus

152. 180 litre/day

153. Juxta glomeular apparatus

154. Tubular epithelial cells

155. Simple cuboidal brush border

156. 70 to 80%

157. Counter current mechanism

158. Maintaining concentration gradien in medullary interstitium

159., 6

160. 25-30 gm

161. Glycosuria

162. Katonuria

163. Diabetes mellitus

164. approximately 200 ml/ minute

165. Cooling of the body

166. Uremia

167. Renal calculi

168. Glomerulonephritis

169. Hemodialysis

169. Liver, Kidney

170. Thoracic, lumbar

171. Column of bertini

172. Glomerulus, renal artery

173. Peritubular

174. Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion

175. Podocytes Intricate

176. Renin

177. Actively

178. H, K

179. Lonic, acid-bae

180. H, K and NH

181. Permeable, impermeable

182. Hypothalamus, juxta glomerulus apparatus

183. A) jinic concetration, B- loss,

C) hypothalamus, D-ADH

E) neurohypophysis.